Friday, June 7, 2013
روابط ازدواج، عشق و پول
Friday, August 20, 2010
آسیب شناسی مهاجرت در خانواده ها به روایت دکتر آزادیان
آسیب شناسی مهاجرت در خانواده ها به روایت دکتر آزادیان
گزارش: لیلا مجتهدی
بنیاد فرهنگی فروردین چهارشنبه 11 آگوست 2010، یک سمینار آموزشی در کتابخانه ی ریچموند هیل برگزار کرد. عنوان این سمینار "آسیب شناسی مهاجرت در خانواده ها" بود که آقای دکتر عباس آزادیان روانپزشک ایرانی سخنران آن و نیز پاسخگوی سئوال های شرکت کنندگان بود.
دکتر آزادیان در این سمینار به عوامل مهاجرت، میزان رشد مهاجران و همچنین میزان موفقیت و عدم موفقیت جامعه ی مهاجران ایرانی کانادا پرداخت. او همچنین بر اساس آمارهای رسمی دولت کانادا در سی سال گذشته جمعیت ایرانی و ملیت های دیگر مهاجر در کانادا را در رابطه با وضعیت اقتصادی خانواده های مهاجر، سطح سواد، وضعیت قانونی مهاجران از نظر اقامت در کانادا، میزان تسلط مهاجران به زبان کشور میزبان و تاریخچه ی مهاجرت، با هم مقایسه کرد.
دکتر آزادیان به روند و دلایل مهاجرت ایرانیان اشاره کرد و افزود: قبل از 1980 جمعیت ایرانی کانادا کمتر از 2000 نفر بود ولی جهشی که در میزان مهاجرت ایرانیان به کانادا بعد از آن تاریخ صورت گرفت بسیار قابل توجه است که البته دلایل سیاسی، اجتماعی، اخراج های وسیع که در دانشگاه های ایران صورت گرفت و استادان و دانشجویان از تدریس و تحصیل محروم شدند، دستگیری ها و اعدام های وسیعی که در دو یا سه سال بعد از انقلاب شروع شد و در سال های بعد تداوم یافت، روند مهاجرت را سرعت بخشید.
طبق آمار رسمی جدید کانادا به طور متوسط بین 5 تا 7 هزار ایرانی هر سال وارد کانادا شده اند. حدود 8 در صد از کسانی که در کانادا به دنیا آمده اند در سرشماری خود را ایرانی اعلام کردند البته ممکن است افرادی از پدر مادر ایرانی در کانادا به دنیا آمده باشند و خود را ایرانی حساب نکنند. همچنین بعضی از هموطنان کرد یا ترک ما در سرشماری ملیت خود را کرد یا آذری عنوان می کنند نه ایرانی.
حدود 80 درصد ایرانی ها زبان فارسی را زبانی که در خانه صحبت می کنند اعلام کرده اند که این مسئله هم جنبه ی مثبت دارد و هم جنبه منفی، طرف مثبتش این است که امکان ارتباط نسل ها و امکان ارتباط فرهنگی ایجاد می شود جنبه ی منفی اش این است که افراد با زبان انگلیسی کمتر و دیرتر آشنا می شوند و امکان جا افتادنشان در کشور میزبان کندتر و سخت تر می شود.
کم نیست تعداد کسانی که بیشتر از 10 سال در اینجا زندگی می کنند و هنوز در حد ابتدایی و به سختی انگلیسی صحبت می کنند. و این در موارد زیادی به ضررشان تمام می شود چون به دلیل مسلط نبودن به زبان انگلیسی از بعضی امکانات موجود در این کشور بی بهره می مانند به عنوان مثال یک برنامه ی رایگان موفق روان درمانی در بیمارستان جنرال نورت یورک وجود دارد که به صورت گروهی اداره می شود، ولی چون این برنامه به زبان انگلیسی است برای بیمارانی که زبان انگلیسی بلد نیستند قابل استفاده نمی باشد و در سایر زمینه های اجتماعی هم همین مشکل وجود دارد.
سخنران همچنین با اشاره به جمعیت کل کانادا گفت: در این کشور 55 درصد در کانادا به دنیا آمده اند 44 درصد مهاجر هستند و یک درصد فاقد وضعیت قانونی اقامتی.
در شهر تورنتو 55 در صد ساکنان آن مهاجران هستند و به نظر می آید که در کل کانادا هم به زودی تعداد مهاجرها از تعداد کسانی که در کانادا به دنیا آمده اند بیشتر خواهد شد.
درصد زاد و ولد در کانادا 1.6 درصد است، یعنی اگر مهاجر به این کشور وارد نشود کانادا با مسئله رشد منفی جمعیت مواجه خواهد شد. تعداد مهاجرانی که هر ساله به این کشور وارد می شوند به میزان ثابت ماندن جمعیت کانادا کمک می کنند.
دکتر آزادیان با اشاره به مهاجران اخیر ایرانی گفت، این گروه، بیشتر از طریق سرمایه گذاری آمده اند و امکانات مالی بهتری دارند. در 10 سال گذشته ایرانی ها سومین گروهی هستند که با سرمایه وارد این کشور شده اند و این با آماری که در دو دهه ی قبل در مورد پناهندگان ایرانی در کانادا داشتیم، در تناقض قرار می گیرد. در طی این مدت ایرانی هایی که با تقاضای پناهندگی در کانادا اقامت گرفته اند نصف شده و در عوض کسانی که از طریق سرمایه گذاری مهاجرت می کنند به میزان زیادی بالا رفته است که این از لحاظ اقتصاد جامعه اهمیت زیادی پیدا می کند.
ایرانی ها یکی از بهترین گروه های مهاجر هستند که درصد بالایی از آنها انگلیسی صحبت می کنند و تنها 8 درصدشان انگلیسی صحبت نمی کنند در حالیکه پرتغالی ها که یکی از گروه های موفق مهاجر از نظر امکانات مالی به حساب می آیند حدود 20 درصدشان انگلیسی صحبت نمی کنند، البته پرتغالی ها نسبت به گروه های دیگر مهاجر، از نظر سطح سواد در کانادا بخصوص در تورنتو در سطح پایین تری قرار دارند. درصد کسانی که در میان آنان حتی دیپلم دبیرستان ندارند نسبت به ملیت های دیگر بیشتر است.
از نظر سطح تحصیلی ایرانی ها در مقایسه با سایر گروه های مهاجر از سطح بسیار بالایی برخوردار هستند ولی مشکل اینجاست که اکثر ایرانی ها مدارک تحصیلی خود را از ایران گرفته اند و در کانادا در رابطه با تخصص خود کار نمی کنند. در میان کسانی که در کانادا زندگی می کنند از نظر موقعیت شغلی یهودی ها در بالاترین سطح قرار دارند. همچنین کسانی که منشا اروپایی دارند وضعیت خیلی خوبی دارند، ولی متأسفانه ایرانیان از موقعیت خوبی برخوردار نیستند. به عنوان مثال تعداد ایرانیانی که به عنوان مدیران ارشد شرکت های بزرگ مشغول کار هستند بسیار کم است
که البته با توجه به اینکه ما تاریخ مهاجرتمان خیلی کوتاه است این امر تا حدی قابل توجیه است.
با اینکه از لحاظ سواد، ما جامعه ی با سوادی هستیم، متأسفانه از نظر اقتصادی در سطح پایین قرار داریم. در این مورد مهاجران آفریقایی کانادا بدترین وضعیت را دارند و در کل درصد بالایی از خانم های مهاجری که مجرد هستند و مسئولیت بچه هایشان را به عهده دارند زیر خط فقر زندگی می کنند.
به طور متوسط درآمد گروه های مختلف قومی از سال 1970 تا 2000 روز به روز کمتر شده است. حاصل آن این است که تعداد کسانی که زیر خط فقر زندگی می کنند بیشتر شده است. در سال 1976 چهل درصد مردم کانادا 60 درصد تمام امکانات مالی را داشتند یعنی 60 درصد بقیه مردم چهل درصد این امکانات را داشتند.
طبق آمار رسمی در سال 2006 بیست درصد مردم 80 درصد تمام امکانات را در اختیار دارند، چگونه در طی سی سال این فاصله وحشتناک به وجود آمده؟ کل پول آدم هایی که مهاجرت کرده اند به تدریج کم شده و این پول در جیب کسانی رفته که صاحب شرکت های بزرگ هستند و حاصل آن، این فقر قابل توجه است.
دکتر آزادیان افزود: دعوایی که استفان هارپر با سازمان سرشماری دارد بیشتر مربوط به همین مسائل است. در نظر بگیرید آمار و رقم هایی که من در این جمع ارائه می دهم در جمع ها و محیط های مشابه دیگری هم در کل کانادا این آمار را برجسته می کنند و آن را مورد بحث قرار می دهند و دولت وقتی این رقم ها را می بینید باید جوابگو باشد و در آمار بعدی نشان دهد که کاری انجام داده و این درصدها را کمتر کرده است.
دکتر آزادیان در قسمت پایانی جلسه به سئوالات شرکت کنندگان پاسخ داد و اضافه کرد با بررسی آمار و ریشه یابی مشکلاتی که مهاجران در کانادا با آن مواجه هستند و ایجاد امکانات برای حل آن مشکلات می توان شانس موفقیت در مهاجرت را به میزان قابل توجهی بالا برد.
Friday, March 5, 2010
Use of sexual abuse as a means of political suppression in Africa
Use of sexual abuse as a means of political suppression in
By Dr. Abbas Azadian,
According to recent reports, 150 countries continue to use torture and ill treatment as an instrument of political pressure and repression against those who challenge the prevailing order. In
Sexual Abuse as an Instrument for Political Suppression
Sexual abuse and rape have been frequently used as a means of suppression. In many African countries, rape, mutilation and other forms of torture have been used as weapons of war in recent conflicts and in particular when ethnic issues were prominent. In particular, rape and other forms of sexual violence have been inflicted on women in many African countries. Women in custody have been subjected to many forms of torture and in particular sexual violence and rape. These women may be psychologically traumatized for life. The ill effects of rape and sexual violence continue even when these women are forced to flee their countries of origin and subsequently seek refuge in a safe country like
Sexual Abuse in Political Settings
Case 1
Politically motivated harassment of opponents remained a public policy in
BC is a 21-year-old woman from
BC's emotional reaction to the ongoing sexual abuse is one of detachment and depression. She is cold and distant. She persistently tries to avoid talking about her traumatic experiences. She is confused about time and place. She dissociates and things appear unreal to her. She also reports difficulties falling sleep. When she goes to bed she would continuously think about the traumatic events and sexual abuse. She usually wakes up in the middle of the night confused after having nightmares. Her heart races and she has difficulty breathing. Sometimes, she is unable to get back to sleep. As a result of inadequate sleep, she experiences extreme fatigue and has difficulty concentrating and functioning.
Case 2
GJ is a 30-year-old woman from
GJ's emotional reaction is very similar to BC. She feels she has changed for life. She describes herself as being a happy, sociable and outgoing person before these incidents, and now feels very detached from others and keeps to herself. She does not want to be in any groups and prefers to stay in her room. She does not take pleasure in anything and no longer smiles. She feels continually sad. She is also troubled by very poor concentration and memory difficulties, often forgetting scheduled activities. She has great difficulties falling asleep at night because it is at this time that the memories of her rape and the grenade attack are strongest. She lies in bed remembering her assailants' voices and laughter and sees images of the scene of her rape or the grenade attack. She tries to block these thoughts out but is not successful. Often these thoughts and images keep her awake until 4 in the morning. Her sleep is also disturbed by nightmares wherein she hears friends crying for help. She runs to save them, but arrives too late. She awakens from these dreams with a pounding heart and cannot settle back to sleep afterward. She also describes a hypersensivity to sounds in her environment. For example, she gets extremely upset by sounds on the street, which remind her alternatively of artillery fire or of a grenade blast. She reports that when she hears these loud voices she instinctively "close the door and start running", her heart pounding. She says it takes her a few minutes before she realizes that she is no longer in
Sexual Abuse in Domestic Settings
Case 3
As prominent as the use of sexual violence has been in armed conflicts, ethnic disputes and political repression, in most countries a woman's greatest risk of violence comes from people she knows. Violation of human rights against women happens not only at the hands of police and soldiers, but also at the hands of their own husbands, fathers or employers. In particular, sexual abuse may be used in domestic setting to intimidate women and force them into subversion. The following case is an example of the use of physical and sexual abuse in this setting and highlights the effect of economic hardship and poverty.
MK is a 27-year-old woman from
Her emotional reaction to these repeated episodes of sexual abuse was what we expect from all victims of sexual abuse. She felt down and depressed. She thought of killing herself. The pain inflicted on her was so intolerable that she could not sleep, concentrate and function properly. She had a very difficult time in describing the pain inflicted on her as well. She would get agitated and restless and would cry nonstop. MK' s situation is by no means unique.
Psychological Reactions to Sexual Abuse
The cases described demonstrate there is a tremendous range of frequently occurring reactions to trauma. Some people withdraw into silence; others seek out support or have a pressing need to talk about what happened. Some may be preoccupied with thoughts about what they could have done differently to prevent what happened. Others may be filled with anger and rage at the injustice and feel a deep sense of hopelessness and helplessness. Abuse may affect victims physically, emotionally and behaviorally. It may affect also their thinking patterns. The physical reactions may include jitteriness, muscle tension, upset stomach, rapid heart rate, dizziness, fatigue and lack of energy. Emotional reactions may include extreme fear and inability to feel safe, sadness, grief and depression, guilt and anger, inability to enjoy anything, intense or extreme feeling at one time and a chronic feeling of emptiness at other times. As a result, the abused woman may become withdrawn or isolated from others, startle easily and avoid certain places and situations. She may also become confrontational and aggressive, change her eating habits, and become restless. The cognitive changes may include heightened awareness of surroundings at times and lessened awareness and disconnection from environment at other times. She may also think differently about herself and the world. She may have previously thought of herself as strong and independent. Subsequent to the traumatic experience she may think that she is no longer in control of her fate. She may also think the world is not a safe place to live in anymore. As a result she may not be able to trust anybody or count on people and feel more isolated as a result. This may lead to loss of self-esteem.
All people have psychological defenses that in difficult and stressful times protect them against fragmentation and loss of control. At times these defenses are overwhelmed to the degree that the person not only reacts negatively to events but may also meet the criteria for a psychiatric disorder. The most common and well know disorder in trauma victims is posttraumatic stress disorder. However the reaction is not limited to this condition. A wide variety of disorders including major depressive disorder, dysthymia, generalized anxiety disorder, panic attacks and substance abuse may be observed in trauma victims.
Conclusion
The cases discussed also demonstrate that torture and violence occurs in a wide range of circumstances and serves different purposes. There is no reliable estimate of the true prevalence of torture in the world. The above data published by Amnesty International that probably reflect but a fraction of all human abuses may give some idea about the extent of the problem. It appears that there is a wide spread and regular use of torture and ill treatment in many African countries. These include whipping, flogging, caning, amputations, beating, verbal abuse and threats, isolation and solitary confinement, physical abuse and use of excessive force. Sexual abuse is also widely used in a variety of settings in these countries. Physical and sexual abuse is also used in domestic settings to maintain the dominance of men and subordination of women in the family and society.
The three cases discussed in this paper demonstrate the reality that torture has long-term and disabling psychological effects. Torture survivors and survivors of sexual abuse have more difficulties with concentration, memory, energy and sleep. They have nightmares in which they are being followed, arrested and tortured.
They wake up confused and demonstrate symptoms of anxiety. They may feel guilty about what happened and limit their contacts with other people and so lose their social network of support. These psychological problems can cause severe psychosocial disability that may last decades or even a lifetime.
To address psychological problems of torture survivors, interaction at several levels of care may be necessary. They may benefit from pharmacotherapy. Medication may improve their sleep, increase their energy and appetite and lift their mood. Nightmares and flashbacks may decrease as well. Psychological treatment for effective rehabilitation of torture survivors has been widely recognized and advocated[2]. Most rehabilitation centers have adopted a multidisciplinary approach in the case of survivors, involving legal, medical, social and psychological help[3]. There is ample evidence that with adequate support and treatment, torture survivors can return to normal life and end the cycle of mental anguish. However, it appears that prevention of torture and ill treatment of political detainees is the best method of limiting psychological pain to people tortured and of curbing the cost to society.
Certain safeguards are necessary to end the torture and ill treatment of detainees. These include clear policies that torture and ill-treatment will not be tolerated; an end to incommunicado detention, including giving detainees access to independent medical examination and legal counsel; outlawing the use of confessions extracted under torture as evidence in courts of law; independent inspection of places of detention; informing detainees of their rights; human rights training for law enforcement personnel; compensation for the victims of torture; medical treatment and rehabilitation for the victims of torture[4]. Governments have to ensure that prison conditions do not amount to cruel inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, in line with international human rights standards for the treatment of prisoners. Special attention should be paid to the issues of ethnic background and gender. An emphasis on working against abuses based on gender should be at the heart of any torture campaign. This includes the use of violence and in particular sexual abuse in domestic settings. Any form of torture is indefensible and may affect individuals for the rest of their lives.
[1] Amnesty International. Amnesty International Annual Report.
[2] Vesti P, Kastrup M. Psychotherapy for torture survivors. In Basoglu M, ed. Torture and Its Consequences: Current Treatment Approaches.
[3] Van Willigen LHM. Organization of care and rehabilitation services for victims of torture and other forms of organized violence: a review of current issues. In Basoglu M, ed. Torture and Its Consequences: Current Treatment Approaches.
[4] Amnesty International. Amnesty International Annual Report.
Friday, February 26, 2010
مصاحبه: روز جهانی زبان مادری
" دسترسی به زبان مادری، برای رشد شخصیت فوقالعاده اساسی و مهم است"
http://zamaaneh.com/canada/2010/03/post_199.html
محمد تاج دولتی
بیش از ۱۰ سال است که روز ۲۱ فوریهی هرسال از سوی سازمان ملل متحد و سازمان یونسکو به عنوان «روز جهانی زبان مادری» معرفی شده و همه ساله به این مناسبت، برنامههای گوناگونی در تاکید بر اهمیت زبان مادری برگزار میشود.
با این که حق آموزش و آموختن به زبان مادری، در ترکیب چند قومی و چند فرهنگی ایران، در قانون اساسی جمهوری اسلامی نیز به رسمیت شناخته شده است، اما ممنوعیت اجرای این حق سالها است که به یکی از اعتراضهای ایرانیان متعلق به اقوام و فرهنگهای گوناگون ایران که مایلاند به زبان مادری خود نیز آموزش ببینند و صحبت کنند، تبدیل شده است.
در همین رابطه، روز ۲۱ فوریه «بنیاد ایرانی- کانادایی زبان و فرهنگ آذربایجان» که شش سال پیش توسط چند تن از ایرانیان ترک زبان در کانادا تأسیس شد، یک جلسهی سخنرانی در بارهی اهمیت زبان مادری، در سالن اجتماعات یکی از کتابخانههای شهر تورنتو برگزار کرد.
در این برنامه که با حضور بیش از ۱۰۰ تن از ایرانیان و به زبان فارسی برگزار شد، دکتر رضا براهنی نویسنده و شاعر، دکتر رضا مریدی نمایندهی ایرانیتبار پارلمان اونتاریو، دکتر فریدون رحمانی رییس «خانهی کرد» در اونتاریو و دکتر عباس آزادیان رواندرمانگر شناخته شدهی جامعهی ایرانیان کانادا سخنرانی کردند.
دکتر رضا مریدی که خود یکی از مؤسسین بنیاد زبان و فرهنگ آذربایجان است، ضمن اشاره به اهمیت توجه به زبان مادری و تاریخچهی نامگذاری روز ۲۱ فوریه به نام روز جهانی زبان مادری، گفت:
«در تمام دنیا، کمتر از ۲۰۰ کشور عضو سازمان ملل متحد هستند. یعنی ما دردنیا ۲۰۰ کشور هستیم، در حالی که تقریبا ۶۰۰۰ زبان داریم. این نشان میدهد که هیچ کشوری در دنیا نیست که در آن فقط یک زبان صحبت بشود.
اگر مسالهی زبان بین ملتها و ملیتها حل نشود و ملیتها زبانهای همدیگر را نپذیرند، این مساله تبدیل به یک تنش سیاسی در کشورهای مختلف میشود و صلح جهانی را به خطر میاندازد. در تاریخ دنیا جنگهای بسیاری بر مبنای همین اختلافات قومی و فرهنگی اتفاق افتاده است».
دکتر مریدی در بخش دیگری از سخنان خود اظهار داشت:
«امیدوارم در وطن عزیز ما ایران هم موضوع و معضل زبان هرچه زودتر حل شود. همهی زبانها آزاد شوند تا مردم ما با راحتی و آسایش بتوانند با هم راحت باشند و همه بتوانند زبانهای دیگر را یاد بگیرند. گاهی وقتها فکر میکنم چه خیانت بزرگی در وطن عزیز ما ایران به ما کردهاند؛ ما میتوانستیم خیلی زبانها را یاد بگیریم. مثلا برای خود من امکان داشته که بتوانم کردی یاد بگیرم و یا دوستان فارس ما میتوانستند ترکی یاد بگیرند. اگر فضای قبولی زبانها در ایران وجود داشت، هرکدام از ما میتوانست پنج تا شش زبان را یاد بگیرد. این امکان را از ما دریغ کردهاند.
اما امیدوارم در آینده این موانع برطرف شود و مردم ایران عزیز ما، همه با هم و همگی نزدیک هم باشند؛ با مقبولیت زبان و آداب و رسوم همدیگر».
ترجمهی فارسی پیام خانم ایرنا بوکاوا، دبیرکل سازمان یونسکو، به مناسبت روز جهانی زبان مادری نیز برای شرکت کنندگان در این جلسهی سخنرانی ارائه شد.
دبیرکل یونسکو در این پیام اشاره کرده که از ۱۰ سال پیش مراسم بزرگداشت روز جهانی مادری در مقر یونسکو برگزار میشود.
در این پیام تاکید شده که کارکردهای چندگانه و حیاتی زبان در عرصههای مختلفی همچون فرهنگ، اقتصاد و آموزش سالها است به اثبات رسیده است. اولین کلمات و همچنین تفکرات فردی که اساس و شالودهی تاریخ و فرهنگ است، از طریق زبان مادری ابراز میشود و لزوم تحصیل کودکان در مراحل اولیهی آموزش به زبان مادری، امری شناخته شده است.
در پیام مدیرکل یونسکو همچنین اشاره شده که مفهوم زبان مادری در حقیقت مکمل سیستم آموزشی چند زبانهای است که یونسکو در تلاش برای ارتقاء و ترویج دستکم سه مهارت زبانی؛ یعنی زبان مادری، زبان ملی و گویش انجام میدهد.
" تکلم به زبان مادری عین حقوق بشر است و دمکراسی است"
در بخش بعدی این برنامه، دکتر فریدن رحمانی جامعهشناس و رییس هیأت مدیریهی "خانهی کرد" در شهر تورنتو، از دیدگاه جامعهشناختی به اهمیت زبان مادری پرداخت و زیر عنوان زبان مادری، دمکراسی و فرهنگ دمکراتیک گفت:
«پیوند میان دمکراسی و زبان را در دو بعد میتوان بررسی کرد که به نظر من یکی از آنها را میتوان به عنوان بعد حقوقی و دیگری را بعد سیاسی− اجتماعی نامگذاری کرد.
از دیدگاه حقوقی اگر ما بپذیریم که زبان مادری یک حق است و انسان باید آن را به عنوان حق اولیه بهکار ببرد و به زبان مادریاش تکلم کند و دمکراسی را هم به عنوان مجموعهای از حقوق انسان و حقوق بشر که بنیانهای اولیهی دمکراسی را تشکیل میدهد، بنابراین تکلم به زبان مادری عین حقوق بشر است و دمکراسی است.
از دیدگاه سیاسی− اجتماعی، اگر ما بپذیریم دمکراسی عبارت است از مشارکت انسانها در سرنوشت خودشان و در تصمیمگیریها، میدانیم که اکثر حقوقدانان، جامعهشناسان و محققین معتقدند برای بالا بردن سطح دمکراسی باید سطح مشارکت سیاسی اجتماعی سیاسی را به طور آزاد و آگاهانه بالا ببریم، بنابراین اینجا است که رابطهی دمکراسی و زبان مادری مشخص میشود.
یعنی برای این که بتوانیم در جامعهای مانند ایران، تمام آحاد ملی را در تعیین سرنوشت خودشان، در تصمیمگیریهای سیاسی و آگاهی بخشی در مسائل سیاسیشان امکانپذیر کنیم، تنها راهش این است که امکان بحثهای سیاسی اجتماعی مردم را به زبان اصلی و اولیهای که راحتتر میتوانند به آن تکلم کنند، فراهم کنیم».
" پنج تا شش هزار زبان در دنیا وجود دارد"
دکتر عباس آزادیان، رواندرمانگر شناخته شدهی جامعهی ایرانیان کانادا، سخنران دیگر جلسه بود که با زبانی ساده و ارائهی مثالهایی ملموس، زیر عنوان شخصیت و دسترسی به زبان مادری و نقش و اهمیت آن، از نخستین هفتهها و ماههای زندگی کودک، سخنرانی کرد. دکتر عباس آزادیان گفت که:
«در حال حاضر حدود پنج تا شش هزار زبان در دنیا وجود دارند که ۹۰درصد این زبانها در حال از بین رفتن هستند و حدود ۱۲ زبان هرسال در دنیا از بین میرود و از تعداد کل زبانهایی که در دنیا وجود دارد، ۲۰درصد تا ۵۰درصد آنها مصرف روزانه ندارند.
وقتی تاثیر زبانها را بر همدیگر بررسی کردند، زبان انگلیسی به عنوان جانی و مقصر اصلی در نظر گرفته شد. ۹۰درصد زبانهایی که زبان انگلیسی در ارتباط با آنها قرار میگیرد، در نهایت از بین میروند. زبان فرانسه زبان بسیار بهتر و ملایمتری از این لحاظ است. حدود ۵۰درصد زبانهایی که در ارتباط با زبان فرانسه قرار میگیرند، از بین میروند. در مورد زبان فارسی، آماری نداریم. اما اصل مطلب این است که زبانها از بین میروند. این مساله از لحاظ رشد شخصیت، رشد فرد و جایگاه فرد در اجتماع تاثیر میگذارد».
دکتر عباس آزادیان ضمن بررسی جامعی از تئوریهای گوناگون در بارهی تاثیر زبان مادری در رشد شخصیت انسان، در پایان سخنرانیاش نتیجهگیری کرد:
«شخصیت انسان در زبان رشد میکند؛ شخصیت انسان در ارتباط عاطفیای که با غیر ایجاد میشود رشد میکند؛ شخصیت انسان در معنایی که بین فرد و دیگران در محیط ایجاد میشود رشد میکند و بعد که دسترسی به زبان از بین میرود، آن معنا، درک از خود، درک از دیگران و درک از دنیا بههم میخورد و مشکلات روحی، مشکلات روانی و مشکلات شخصیتی ایجاد میکند. به همین دلیل ضروری است که فرد به زبانی که با آن بزرگ شده و به زبان مادری خودش دسترسی داشته باشد و طبیعتا این نافی این مساله نیست که انسان زبانهای دیگر را یاد بگیرد. انسان میتواند زبانهای دیگر را یاد بگیرند.
بچههای زیر ۱۳ سال به صورت برق و باد میتوانند زبانهای دیگر را یاد بگیرند. حتی یکی از روانشناسها ادعا میکرد بچهی زیر یک ساله، اگر در محیط زبانهای مختلف قرار بگیرد، به راحتی میتواند ۱۱ زبان را یاد بگیرد. البته نمیدانم در این ادعا چقدر اغراق هست. مطالعه در این مورد و نظر قاطع دادن سخت است، ولی اصل مطلب این است که دسترسی به زبان مادری، برای رشد شخصیت فوقالعاده اساسی و مهم است».
Wednesday, January 6, 2010
By Dr. Abbas Azadian, M.D. and Mary Sanderson R.C.A.T.
In the fall of 1999, The Health Committee of the
1. In the first session, each participant was invited to portray themselves as a tree. A woman from the former
2. Several months into the group, the woman learned she had been refused refugee status. She painted this picture. The beautiful healthy tree has been uprooted, the green leaves are gone, the fruit is no where to be seen. The tree looks dead. It is lying, abandoned on the beach. The one sign of hope Is the single apple on the beach. The woman identifies this as her teenage daughter who is in the former
3. Several weeks after painting the second picture, the woman learned that she will not be allowed to appeal the Refugee Board decision. She is devastated. Now she portrays her tree at the bottom of the lake, totally abandoned. On the surface of the water is a boat. She identifies this boat as that of the Immigration Board. They are out looking for her. Still, her single apple remains bobbing in the water, a reminder that her daughter is still alive.
4. In the last session of the group each participant was asked to portray their tree again, as a way of assessing what had happened to them during the 6 months of the group. This woman at first said she couldn't draw anything, then she picked up a paint brush and painted this picture. Her tree is being consumed by flames. The apple has disappeared.
Background
The vast majority of our clients suffer from psychological effects of trauma and torture. These include a triad of post traumatic stress symptoms: hyperarousal with anxiety, insomnia, startle reaction or jumpiness; re-experiencing the traumatic experience with nightmares, flashbacks, recurrent images or thoughts; and avoidance of social and personal interaction as well as the avoidance of any thoughts or feelings reminding the person of the trauma. Depressive symptomatology in such circumstances is related to the loss of relatives and friends. In the case of refugees and refugee claimants, there is the added loss of social position and community, which they have not yet achieved in their new country. Women and children are especially at risk of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) following political violence. Women are attacked because of their sexual identity. Providing treatment to this population is challenging and has inherent limitations:
Limitations of work with torture victims:
1. For obvious political reasons, most torture victims who are seen for treatment do not live in their home country, which is usually where the torture occurred. Because of this, most victims have only a limited knowledge of the host country's language. This affects their adjustment and limits their use of psychotherapy. Some therapists regularly use interpreters. This is a reasonable solution but has its own inherent problems. An interpreter may affect the therapeutic alliance, and/or may limit effective communication between patient and therapist by creating artificial distance between them. As well, misunderstanding can more easily occur through misinterpretation.
2. The language problem may make the cultural differences between patient and therapist appears more extreme than it really is.
3. Survivors of trauma have difficulty expressing their emotions. Expression of feelings becomes even more difficult when there are language problems and cultural differences.
4. Traumatized refugees are deprived of a social network of support, which has been shown to be the most important factor preventing psychiatric illness.
CCVT has been using Art Therapy since 1992 and we have found that it addresses some of these limitations.
Benefits of Art Therapy
1. Art is a universal language and needs no interpreter. This does not mean that the "artist" cannot shed light on his or her work, and that an explanation is not important. However, often the art speaks for itself in profound ways that words could never convey. Art therapy's gentle and non-directive approach transcends verbal expression and allows the client to easily and quickly tap into issues and memories that may be blocked or unexpressed. Often the details of a torture survivor's story are unspeakable. There are sometimes no words to describe what he has experienced and even if there were, he is often unable to articulate them because of pain or shame or grief. But certain images are vivid and ever-present. It is not difficult to put them on paper or make them out of clay. And then, amazingly, it becomes possible to talk about them, sometimes in the third person. Somehow the images seem to lose some of their power.
2. Art therapy allows the client to determine what is dealt with in each session and how fast or slowly the therapist and client proceed. It is the client that decides what art materials to use and what to draw or paint and whether or not to talk about the art. Being in control, even for the length of the therapy session can be very therapeutic for someone who has been imprisoned, interrogated for hours on end and has had little control over most details of his life. The creative process itself is healing. The act of drawing, painting or making something out of clay can be life-giving and empowering. Creativity cuts through pain and anguishes and taps into the inner spirit. For many of our clients, art therapy is the first life-enhancing and creative activity they have engaged in since arriving in
3. Art therapy is a safe and natural means of expressing strong feelings. It is not enough to simply portray the details of their torture and painful past. The emotion connected with the experience must also be expressed and shared. All survivors of torture have a great deal of unexpressed emotion. Often, the victim has survived because he has been able to repress strong feelings of anger and fear. Now safe in this country, these emotions must find an outlet if healing is to take place and the survivor is to have a full life. Loss, whether physical, emotional or social, must be grieved and reconciled; anger and rage must be expressed. Human beings cannot suppress only their negative feelings. Joy and love are also constrained when grief, anger and rage are suppressed. Many women have been taught that it is wrong not only to express, but to feel anger. For a great number of torture survivors, unexpressed anger manifests itself in depression. Spontaneous art allows strong feelings to emerge when the survivor is ready to face them. Once the details and emotions of the torture experience have been faced, the survivor can begin to integrate them. What once may have been incapacitating pain can now be surmounted and the survivor can begin to develop new and healthy patterns of living.
A 1999 study of torture survivors who had individual art therapy, revealed:
1. Art facilitated communication and the expression of feeling
2. The safe and trusting environment within which the therapy was conducted contributed to a positive outcome.
3. There was improved self-understanding as a result of their involvement in art therapy.
4. The participants experienced a shift in self-perception and improved self-esteem.
5. There was a shift of attitude toward more future-oriented goals.
6. Participants found the process of creating art soothing and facilitated expression of thoughts and feelings not expressible in words.
Advantages of group therapy:
Reaction and stress related to trauma can be treated in individual or group settings. Since our Centre has had positive experience with art therapy with individuals, we wanted to try it in a group, psychotherapy setting. There were specific therapeutic factors we had in mind when we suggested a group format. Irving Yalom, who has written extensively about groups, describes fee benefits of a group format. These factors were our guidelines in our art therapy group:
1. Installation of hope. In both the pre-group orientation and in the group, we tried to reinforce positive expectations, to remove negative preconceptions and to provide as lucid and powerful explanations as possible about the group's healing properties. Observing improvement in others is obviously part of this process. We frequently called attention to improvements made both by individual members and by the group as a whole.
2. Many clients believe that they are unique in their suffering and wretchedness. This is usually heightened by their social isolation. Group therapy provides a forum where patients discover they are not alone and that others share the same dilemmas and life experiences. For many there is great relief in this discovery.
3. The therapist's clarification of a reaction or symptom in a didactic explanation as well as direct advice from other group members creates an atmosphere of mutual respect, interest and concern.
4. Many recent refugee claimants are uncertain about their future and feel demoralized. They frequently say they have nothing of value to offer to others. This misconception can be challenged and changed in the group when they offer helpful advice and encouragement to each other.
5. Social learning operates in all therapy groups. Given the narrow social context of recently arrived refugees, a group can provide an opportunity for accurate interpersonal feedback. The group also provides an opportunity for clients to model themselves on aspects of the other group members as well as the therapist.
Method
Our group consisted of about ten participants, with equal numbers of men and women. Our only criteria for admission to the group was that they be clients of the Centre, (i.e. that they were genuine torture survivors) and that they spoke and understood English well enough to be able to function without an interpreter. They reflected the diverse clientele of our Center: There were members from
We made available at each session large sheets of white paper, oil pastels, water color paints and clay. The group met for two hours weekly. Initially we allowed up to half the time for artwork but we quickly found clients needed more time to talk. This meant that clients usually completed only one or two pieces of art. The sessions were relaxed and informal, with members of the group getting up at will and finding the art materials they needed. We began each session by inviting everyone to use the art materials. For the most part, people worked quietly and often intently on their own art with little conversation. After everyone had completed at least one art piece, usually after half and hour, we would invite someone to share their art. It was a standard rule that no one should be pressured to talk about anything he or she did not want to talk about. Once the 'artist' had explained his/her art the other members were invited to ask questions or make comments. These were not limited to the 'artist' only. Others might be asked how they felt about a particular drawing or a comment that someone in the group made.
A woman from a country In West Africa identified the big fish as a person with power and authority. She is the little fish being eaten by the big fish. All the members of the group nodded knowingly and said, 'Yes, people in authority like to destroy little people.' But the woman corrected them, 'No!' she said, 'Sometimes they protect you.'
Content
During the six months the group met many issues surfaced in the participants' art: loss, separation, grief, identity, adjustment to a new society, suicide and traumatic experiences. As well, there were many issues around immigration- their status, their upcoming hearing, appeals, lawyers, etc. We also dealt with many day to day issues as they arose in client's lives.
The hearing of the Refugee Board looms large in the life of all refugee claimants, who made up the bulk of the group. They live in terror of being refused and returned to their own country. This picture portrays the feeling of helplessness and frustration that comes when someone is refused entry into this country. There is no way out. In the second picture, all roads lead to nowhere.
Case study:
K. is a 32-year-old woman who was part of our group from the beginning. She is from a country in West Africa and came to
K. is alone in
K. initially was reserved and did not participate in the discussion of other people's work. She used the art well, depicting, at different sessions, the relationship between authority figures and community; the boat in which she escaped with her brother piloting her to safety; her son playing with other children; the map of her country with the country's flag. Gradually, she began talking more about her own work. She started to interact with other people and to relate to their work. She became more spontaneous and vocal.
Eventually, K. felt secure enough to tell her story.
When her mother was pregnant, the family was having a very difficult time surviving. A chief from a neighboring village approached them with a proposal. He would support the family with food and money, indefinitely, if, when the baby was born he or she be given to the chief. If the baby was a boy he would work for the chief, if it was a girl, she would become one of his wives. The chief was about 40 years of age at the time and already had several wives.
When K. was born she was sent to the chief's village and did not meet her mother until she was 6 years old. K. did well in the local school and was sent to the capital city to go to college. She had a boyfriend and they were in love with each other. When she returned to the village, she learned for the first time, about the agreement with the chief. She decided to challenge this and ran away. She returned to the city and made an important decision. She and her boyfriend decided to try to become pregnant and eventually she gave birth to a healthy boy.
Nevertheless, this did not stop the chief. When it became known that K had a child, the chief and the people of the village punished her with beatings and burning. K decided there would never be any real future for her in that village and she waited for the right moment to escape from the chief, the village and a life of slavery and entrapment. Leaving her child behind and with the aid of her brother, she slipped away in a boat under cover of night and eventually found her way to
This was an emotional session for the group. It prompted others to talk about how they had escaped and what they have left behind. They offered great support to K. and to each other.
At the end of the group, K. said: "I don't feel isolated any more. I know there are other people who went through the same things. That makes me feel better. I also feel safer in
The last time we saw K. she was brightly dressed and looked happy and relaxed. She completed the Beck Anxiety and Depression Inventory Tests again four weeks after the group ended. This time she scored 10 and 6 respectively. Both scores are within the normal range.
The Art Therapy/Psychotherapy Group appears to have met an important need for some of our clients. Many have expressed a wish to continue with the group when it begins again in the fall.